Zbigniew Brzezinski
Ông Zbigniew Brzezinski
là nhà chiến lược hàng đầu của Hoa Kỳ
trong thời Chiến tranh Lạnh
(Theo BBC 31/03/2008)
Zbigniew Brzezinski From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
10th
United States National Security Advisor In office: 1977 – 1981 , President
Jimmy Carter Preceded by
Brent Scowcroft Succeeded by
Richard V. Allen
Born
March 28,
1928 (1928-03-28) (age 80)
Warsaw,
Poland Political party
Democratic Alma mater McGill University Harvard University Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (
Polish: Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński
['zbigɲev bʐɛ'ʑiɲski]) : (born
March 28,
1928,
Warsaw,
Poland) is a
Polish-American political scientist,
geostrategist, and
statesman who served as
United States National Security Advisor to
President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. Known for his
hawkish foreign policy at a time when the
Democratic Party was increasingly
dovish, he is a foreign policy
realist and considered by some to be the Democrats' response to
Republican realist
Henry Kissinger.
[1] Major foreign policy events during his term of office included the normalization of
relations with the
People's Republic of China (and the severing of ties with the
Republic of China), the signing of the second
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II), the brokering of the
Camp David Accords, the transition of Iran to an anti-Western Islamic state, encouraging reform in Eastern Europe, emphasizing human rights in U.S. foreign policy, the arming of the
mujaheddin in
Afghanistan[2] to fight against the Soviet-friendly Afghan government and later to counter the
Soviet invasion, and the signing of the
Torrijos-Carter Treaties relinquishing
U.S. control of the
Panama Canal after 1999.
He is currently a professor of American foreign policy at
Johns Hopkins University's
School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the
Center for Strategic and International Studies, and a member of various boards and councils. He appears frequently as an expert on the
PBS program
The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.
Contents 1 Biography Biography Early years For historical background on these periods of history, see:
Zbigniew Brzezinski was born in
Warsaw,
Poland, in 1928. His family had moved from
Brzezany in
Galicia. This town is given as the source of his surname. His father was
Tadeusz Brzeziński, a Polish diplomat who was posted to
Germany from 1931 to 1935; Zbigniew Brzezinski thus spent some of his earliest years witnessing the rise of the
Nazis. From 1936 to 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to the
Soviet Union during
Stalin's
Great Purge.
In 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to
Canada. In 1939, the
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was agreed to by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union; subsequently the two powers invaded Poland. The 1945
Yalta Conference between the
Allies allotted Poland to the Soviet sphere of influence, meaning Brzezinski's family could not safely return to their country.
Rising influence After attending prep school in
Montreal,
[3] Brzezinski entered
McGill University in 1945 to obtain both his
BA and
MA degrees (received in 1949 and 1950 respectively). His Master's
thesis focused on the various
nationalities within the Soviet Union.
[4] Brzezinski's plan for doing further studies in
Great Britain in preparation for a
diplomatic career in
Canada fell through, principally because he was ruled ineligible for a scholarship he had won that was only open to persons with
British subject status. Brzezinski then went on to attend
Harvard University in the United States to work on a
PhD, focusing on the Soviet Union and the relationship between the
October Revolution,
Lenin's state, and the actions of
Stalin. He received his doctorate in 1953; the same year, he traveled to
Munich and met
Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, head of the Polish desk of
Radio Free Europe. He later collaborated with
Carl J. Friedrich to develop the concept of "
totalitarianism" and apply it to the Soviets in 1956.
For historical background on major events during this period, see:
As a Harvard professor he argued against
Dwight Eisenhower and
John Foster Dulles's policy of
rollback, saying that antagonism would push
Eastern Europe further toward the Soviets. The Polish strike and Hungarian Revolution in 1956 lent some support to Brzezinski's idea that the fundamentally non-communist Eastern Europeans could gradually counter Soviet domination. In 1957, he visited Poland for the first time since he left as a child, and it reaffirmed his judgment that splits within the
Eastern bloc were profound.
In 1958 he became a United States citizen, although he probably also continues to be considered a Polish citizen under Polish law. Despite his years of residence in Canada and the presence of family members there, he never became a
Canadian citizen.
In 1959 Brzezinski was not granted tenure at Harvard, and he moved to
New York City to teach at
Columbia University. Here he wrote
Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, which focused on Eastern Europe since the beginning of the
Cold War. He also became a member of the
Council on Foreign Relations in New York and attended meetings of the
Bilderberg Group.
During the
1960 presidential elections, Brzezinski was an advisor to the
John F. Kennedy campaign, urging a non-antagonistic policy toward Eastern Europe. Seeing the Soviet Union as having entered a period of stagnation, both economic and political, Brzezinski predicted the breakup of the Soviet Union along lines of nationality (expanding on his master's thesis).
[4] Brzezinski continued to argue for and support
detente for the next few years, publishing "Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe" in
Foreign Affairs,
[5] and supporting non-antagonistic policies after the
Cuban Missile Crisis. Such policies might disabuse Eastern European nations of their fear of an aggressive Germany and pacify
Western Europeans fearful of a superpower condominium along the lines of Yalta.
In 1964, Brzezinski supported
Lyndon Johnson's presidential campaign and the
Great Society and
civil rights policies, while on the other hand he saw Soviet leadership as having been purged of any creativity following the
ousting of Khrushchev. Through Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, Brzezinski met with
Adam Michnik, the future Polish
Solidarity activist.
Brzezinski continued to support engagement with Eastern Europe, while warning against
De Gaulle's vision of a "Europe from the
Atlantic to the
Urals." He also supported intervention in
Vietnam to counter Chinese leader
Mao Zedong's claim that the United States was a
paper tiger. From 1966 to 1968, Brzezinski served as a member of the
Policy Planning Council of the
U.S. Department of State (President Johnson's
7 October 1966 "Bridge Building" speech was a product of Brzezinski's influence).
For historical background on events during this period, see:
further reinforced Brzezinski's criticisms of the right's aggressive stance toward Eastern Europe. His service to the Johnson administration, and his fact-finding trip to Vietnam made him an enemy of the
, despite his advocacy of de-escalation.
Foreign Policy Task Force. He advised Humphrey to break with several of President Johnson's policies, especially concerning Vietnam, the Middle East, and condominium with the USSR.
Brzezinski called for a pan-European conference, an idea that would eventually find fruition in 1973 as the
.
.
was necessary in order to counter global instability erupting from increasing economic inequality. Out of this thesis, Brzezinski co-founded the
, serving as director from 1973 to 1976. The Trilateral Commission is a group of prominent political and business leaders and academics primarily from the United States,
. Its purpose is to strengthen relations among the three most industrially advanced regions of the
. Brzezinski selected
as a member.