Floating thumb.
the phalanges are present but the metacarpal is absent and the thenae muscles and long flexors and extensor of the thumb are missing.
In severe cases the thumb should be exercised and replaced by pollicisation of the index finger, providing the index finger has not taken over the role of the thumb,
Congenital amputation of the forearm (transverse hemimelia)
May be associated with deep congenital annular constriction rings. The stump is usually well healed ar birth.
There is no tendency for bone over growth. Early fitting of a prothesis is essential.
Congenital constriction rings
(Streeter's dysplasia)
The condition varies from a single constriction ring affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue to severe deep constriction rings with loss of brachical vessels and median and ulnar nerves or complete loss of limb.
Treatmen consists of staged excision of the constrichtion ring to restore venous and lymphatic drainage.
Supernumerary fifth toe.
The fifth toe, including the metatarsal bone, is duplicated.
Treatment consist of excision of the entire ray.
Lobster-claw (ectrodactyly)
Two or three digits and their associates metatarsals are absent. The great toe is generally preserved. Shoe fitting may be difficult because the two parts of the forefoot are widely separated.
Reconstruction fives satisfactory results.
Genu valgum.
Usually first brought to attention in child aged three years.
a) The child walks and runs awkwardly and there is often a history of frequent falls.
b) Unilateral genu valgum is almost always caused by a previous unrecognized greenstick fracture of the upper end of tibia.
Abnormal of skeleton development.
Ollier's dease
Multiple enchondramata are present from birth and increase in size progessively throughout life.
The lession are essentially hamartomatous malformations of cartilage cells within the metaphysis.
Treatment consist of excision of invidual enchondromata with bone grafting.